Method and system for tracking network use

ABSTRACT

An interactive media delivery system enables interactive media programming to a multimedia device and also tracks a subscriber&#39;s use of the multimedia device. For example, the device tracks events, such as a change in programming, a change in channel selection, and/or the subscriber&#39;s interaction with a particular interactive services application. Each event may be stored as an event record in a database, and one or more of the event records may be merged with content data to form event timelines of programming or other activity to the multimedia device over a selected time period. Further, timelines may be analyzed to generate ratings and other information about programming and may also be correlated with demographics data for marketing analysis.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of commonly assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/496,825, entitled “Method and System for Tracking Network Use”, (Attorney Docket BS95003CON) filed on Feb. 1, 2000, incorporated herein by this reference.

NOTICE OF COPYRIGHT PROTECTION

A portion of the disclosure of this patent document and its figures contain material subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure, but otherwise reserves all copyrights whatsoever.

BACKGROUND

The exemplary embodiments generally relate to tracking subscriber use of network applications, particularly network applications involving delivery of interactive media or video programming.

Broadcast and cable television have long dominated the visual media market. New communications technologies, however, have accelerated demand for new types of media such as video on demand, interactive video, interactive gaming, home shopping or interactive advertising. Unlike broadcast television, viewers of these services typically are paying “subscribers,” although payments from advertisers also pay a large share of the costs of providing these media services.

To gauge the effectiveness of their spending, advertisers have long sought information on viewers' viewing patterns. A number of devices and techniques exist for gathering such information. For instance, U.S. Pat. No. 4,258,386 to Cheung and U.S. Pat. No. 4,556,030 to Nickerson, et al., describe the general concept of deploying in viewers' homes devices for monitoring a viewer's television set (“TV”) in order to accumulate data illustrating viewing habits such as which channels were watched at particular times. Accumulated data is then forwarded via telephone lines to a central location for analysis. Cheung sends data from particular monitoring stations at a preselected, specific “window” of time; interruptions to transmission during that window result in the Cheung system forwarding the data at another time.

Other systems and methods provide somewhat more use data than just channel numbers viewed and time of viewing. Typically, however, the information is for a smaller subset of users. Thus, U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,904 to McKenna, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,912,552 to Allison, III, et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 5,374,951 to Welsh, all disclose monitoring “panelist” TV use in order to collect data about panelist viewing patterns as well as certain marketing information. Generally, panelist monitoring is used to gauge the effectiveness of advertising on selected groups of “panelists,” each of which is one household in a group comprising a “panel,” typically located in a particular geographical area.

Monitoring not only determines which commercial and TV programs the panelist views but also may be used to gather information about which products panelists purchase. For instance, the U.S. patent to McKenna discloses a remote data collection unit located at a panelist home that monitors viewer identification data and TV functions (e.g., channel viewed, VCR viewing time or game time). Additionally, a wand is provided for inputting bar codes of purchased items. Monitored data is sent via the telephone network to a central location, which can also download questionnaires to the panelist and receive responses. Allison and Welsh disclose similar monitoring systems and methods. Instead of simply monitoring the channel number that a panelist was viewing at a particular time, Welsh discloses monitoring identification information carried in the television signal vertical blanking interval that identifies preselected commercials. After detecting and storing the identification information that identifies particular commercials viewed by panelists, the data is transmitted by telephone to a central location for analysis.

Monitoring systems also have been used with some early interactive media systems. U.S. Pat. No. 5,404,393 to Remillard discloses an interactive TV system. Among other elements of the system, a controller monitors TV channels and time/date stamps the selected channel so that, indirectly, viewers' programming choices may be monitored. Data is assembled into a “user profile,” which is uploaded to an appropriate facility via the telephone network.

Nevertheless, while panelist monitoring systems like those of Allison, McKenna and Welsh or interactive television monitoring systems like Remillard's provide somewhat more monitoring data than just TV tuning data, they do so only for limited groups. For example, when more data is gathered (like purchase information), it is done only for the panelist groups, rather than for subscribers to the entire system. Also, systems like McKenna's that uses a wand for scanning bar codes are intrusive systems that require user action to collect data rather than collecting data passively and automatically. Other systems contemplate capturing only some of the data generated by subscriber's viewing activities or only some of the ratings information. For instance, previous systems typically capture ratings information that identify television shows viewed rather than whether the subscriber viewed commercials displayed during those shows.

Perhaps more importantly, none of the systems described attempt to match “raw” information on channels viewed with programming information. Nor do those systems match viewing pattern information with demographics information about the particular users in order to provide more “targeted” advertising.

SUMMARY

Exemplary embodiments use a collector, associated with a subscriber's set top box (“STB”), to obtain data about any “events”—subscriber actions or changes in programming—that are of interest. Data about virtually any events, from channels watched to volume changes to interactive applications invoked, may be captured with the collector. Event records comprising such data, as well as the identity of the application involved and the event time, are buffered. Periodically or on command, event records are uploaded from the buffer to a merge processor such as through an interactive network that allows for duplex communication with the STB. The merge processor, which may be a head end server or a workstation computer forming part of or coupled to the media delivery network, receives (1) the event data and (2) content data that identifies programming content broadcast or delivered throughout the region in which the system is deployed. Timelines showing particular events over time may then be generated for each subscriber. Rather than just determining the channel viewed and time of day, the event timelines describe the programming or interactive applications selected by or shown to a subscriber over a selected period of time (e.g., 24 hours).

The merge processor may further filter this collected and merged data to generate reports ranging from descriptions of a single user's viewing patterns to very high level viewing patterns showing the number of users who watched or participated in a particular program for a selected time period. Further, that information can be combined with billing and demographics information to provide detailed information on a particular subscriber's or group of subscribers' viewing and related buying patterns.

Exemplary embodiments of this invention thus involve a method for obtaining detailed information on every application invoked by a subscriber and information about the type of programming shown. The first step is to identify data that describe the events of interest that occur. Those events include: the channel viewed, a switch to another channel, a passive change in programming because of a commercial break or change to a new program, use of a VCR or other ancillary device, or invocation of an interactive application and subscriber commands given to the system during the application. Event data also includes start and stop times, identification of the subscriber's STB or specific data needed to be recorded for any particular interactive or other application.

Event records are formed from this collected data and buffered before uploading through the interactive or other media delivery network to a headend, server or third party data analysis system. Before uploading, the captured data may be compressed and formed into packets for transmission.

Using the system or method of exemplary embodiments of this invention allows service providers to obtain ratings information and detailed information on subscriber viewing patterns and subscriber use of interactive applications. Thus, exemplary embodiments of this invention can track the number of subscribers viewing or watching particular programs, including advertisements. It also can track use of particular interactive applications such as video on demand. The invention automatically matches data describing programming content with event data describing a channel or application activated or controlled by the subscriber. This allows the invention comprehensively to track user “channel surfing.” Also, the invention can compare subscriber demographics or billing information with viewing pattern information in order to tailor commercials to those subscribers; determine whether subscribers with a selected demographic background viewed a commercial of interest; or determine the demographics of subscribers that viewed selected commercials.

Persons skilled in the art will recognize that exemplary embodiments of this invention may be used with numerous types of networked media delivery systems. For instance, exemplary embodiments of this invention can be deployed on an interactive media delivery system or modified for use with a conventional cable television network, a wireless cable television network, or a home satellite television network.

It is accordingly an object of exemplary embodiments of this invention to provide a system and method for collecting information about patterns of subscriber viewing and use of a media delivery system.

It is another object of exemplary embodiments of this invention to provide a system and method for determining which network applications, particularly interactive applications, are invoked by particular subscribers.

It is an additional object of the invention to provide a system and method for communicating collected information to a merge processor.

It is a further object of the invention to provide to the merge processor information about the programming content distributed over the media delivery system.

It is yet another object of the invention to provide a system and method for merging the collected information with the programming information in order to obtain comprehensive information about programming shown to or network applications invoked by subscribers.

Other systems, methods, and/or computer program products according to embodiments will be or become apparent to one with skill in the art upon review of the following drawings and detailed description. It is intended that all such additional systems, methods, and/or computer program products be included within and protected by this description and be within the scope of this invention.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The above and other embodiments, objects, uses, advantages, and novel features are more clearly understood by reference to the following description taken in connection with the accompanying figures, wherein:

FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of elements of an exemplary embodiment of the system of this invention.

FIG. 2 shows a block diagram of a Set Top Box as used with some of the embodiments shown in FIG. 1 and provided with a clickstream processor.

FIG. 3 shows an exemplary schematic diagram showing the upload cycle for collected event data according to some of the embodiments of this invention.

FIGS. 4A and 4B show an exemplary upload of collected event data from a selected Set Top Box through the network to the staging server shown in FIGS. 1 and 5 according to some of the embodiments of this invention.

FIG. 5 shows an overview of the staging server, its functions and its interconnections with various data sources according to exemplary embodiments of this invention.

FIG. 6A shows exemplary system elements required for merging and parsing the event and content data collected by some of the embodiments of this invention.

FIG. 6B shows an exemplary assignment of priority to content data necessary for completing the merge and parse process according to some of the embodiments of this invention.

FIG. 7 shows exemplary results of a merge and parse process according to some of the embodiments of this invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

The exemplary embodiments now will be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings. The exemplary embodiments may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. These embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those of ordinary skill in the art. Moreover, all statements herein reciting embodiments of the invention, as well as specific examples thereof, are intended to encompass both structural and functional equivalents thereof. Additionally, it is intended that such equivalents include both currently known equivalents as well as equivalents developed in the future (i.e., any elements developed that perform the same function, regardless of structure).

Thus, for example, it will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that the diagrams, flowcharts, illustrations, and the like represent conceptual views or processes illustrating systems, methods and computer program products embodying some of the embodiments of this invention. The functions of the various elements shown in the figures may be provided through the use of dedicated hardware as well as hardware capable of executing associated software. Similarly, any switches shown in the figures are conceptual only. Their function may be carried out through the operation of program logic, through dedicated logic, through the interaction of program control and dedicated logic, or even manually, the particular technique being selectable by the entity implementing some of the embodiments of this invention. Those of ordinary skill in the art further understand that the exemplary hardware, software, processes, methods, and/or operating systems described herein are for illustrative purposes and, thus, are not intended to be limited to any particular named manufacturer.

FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of the components of the system 20. System 20 is a demographics and programming ratings collection and analysis system that may be deployed for use on an interactive media delivery system such as the Interactive Video Services Network deployed by BellSouth Interactive Media Services. That interactive system is described in co-pending application Ser. No. 08/428,718, assigned to the assignee of this invention and which document is hereby incorporated in its entirety by this reference. However, persons skilled in the art will recognize that exemplary embodiments of this invention may be used with any of a variety of interactive media delivery systems, standard or wireless cable television systems, satellite television systems or other media delivery systems that allow duplex communication (perhaps with the return path via a separate (e.g., telephone) network) to a set top box (“STB”) 30 coupled to a subscriber's display device, such as a television set or alternate display device.

In any event, FIG. 1 shows various system 20 elements and subsystems that communicate with each other to transmit collected information, data error detection schemes and data acknowledgments. Briefly, the STB 30 communicates through a distribution network 52 with a video server 60, such as a video transfer engine (“VTE”), that may be acquired from Hewlett Packard (“HP”), with a video/object storage database 54. Video server 60 couples to a video control server 56, such as an Inter Media Server available from Sybase and deployed on a platform such as an HP 9000, with a database 58. The video server control 56 controls video server 60 and also logs information about video server 60 use. A staging server 70 receives collected records of events of interest. These “event records” pass through the video server control 56, which also couples to a Marketing and Information System (“MKIS”) 100 that couples to staging server 60, which receives (1) the event records and (2) content data from various sources 120, 140 and 160 identified in FIG. 1 and which describe programming content available through the interactive network to all subscribers. MKIS 100 may be coupled to a third party search and analysis system 110 that can provide customer support operations.

STB 30 provides a platform by which (1) content is converted to a selected video format (e.g., NTSC or PAL) and presented to the subscriber or (2), for interactive systems, messages are exchanged (including video data) over a network 52 with the staging server 70. STB 30 also could include platforms capable of: (1) receiving messages from a user input device, such as a hand-held remote control unit; (2) translating video signals from a network-native format into a format that can be used by the television or display device; (3) inserting alphanumeric or graphical information into the video stream in order to “overlay” that information on the video image; (4) providing graphic or audio feedback to a user; or (5) possibly the most basic function, simply routing a traditional broadcast signal to a viewing device connected to the STB 30. Analogous terms to STB include: Set-Top Terminal (“STT”), Cable Converter, and Home Communications Terminal (“HCT”) and any of these devices may be coupled to or made a part of a display device for showing programming to subscribers. Generally, STB 30 may be a Richmond or 8600× available from Scientific Atlanta, a CFT 2200 available from General Instruments, Thomson's DSS or any other device equipped with (1) a microprocessor; (2) memory for operating instructions and storage; and (3) a control interface for accepting subscriber commands from a remote control device or control panel.

For the particular embodiment of system 20 shown in the Figures, collected event records that are packaged for transport through system 20 are called “clickstream” data or information. FIG. 2 shows a clickstream processor 34 that resides in the memory, such as DRAM or the like, of an STB 30 and which has a clickstream kernel 36, buffers 42 or 44, a clickstream upload handler 40, a clickstream controller 38 and a clickstream event application programming interface (API) 41.

Briefly, the clickstream kernel 36 buffers events passed to it by various network applications through the clickstream event API 41. Clickstream controller 38 accepts control messages from staging server 70 and appropriately stores their payload. Typical messages may be sent over the Extended Super Frame (ESF) pass-through data link and control the uploading of clickstream data. Clickstream upload handler 40 accepts control messages over the system 20, which messages control the uploading of collected clickstream data over the reverse path through network 52. Also, the clickstream upload handler 40 stores the payload of these messages in appropriate and available memory and accepts the messages sent to it to acknowledge the receipt of uploaded clickstream data.

Referring again to FIG. 1, video server 60 provides information from video/object storage 54 to the particular interactive system over which system 20 is deployed. Clickstream data collected at STBs 30 can be uploaded to staging server 70 in any number of ways. For instance, FIG. 1 shows that the distribution network 52 could couple directly to staging server 70, allowing clickstream data packets sent from STBs 30 to be forwarded to staging server 70 directly and for staging server 70 to then return via the network 52 data acknowledgements. A network management controller 50 controls the flow of information through the network 52. Alternatively, FIG. 1 and, in greater detail, FIG. 4B, show that clickstream data packets may be sent to the distribution network 52 to the video server 60. Video server 60 passes through both clickstream data uploads from various STBs 30 and data acknowledgments returned to the STBs 30. A communications router inside the video server 60 redirects traffic to the appropriate destination. Video server control 56 similarly acts as a pass-through device for STB 30 clickstream data going to the staging server 70 and as a pass-through device for staging server 70 data acknowledgments to the STBs 30. Also, video server control 56 may provide log information that identifies interactive applications invoked by particular STBs 30. That log information is provided to the staging server 70 so that video server control 56 also acts as another data source about content available over the network, like EPG metadata source 120, broadcast advertising metadata source 140, or advertising traffic control metadata source 160. Staging server 70 collects all such clickstream data and content data, analyzes and then forwards it to MKIS database 100 or to a third-party analysis engine and database 110, as described in more detail in the text associated with FIGS. 5-7.

Journaling of Event Data

Clickstream processor 34 collects information to create a “journal” or log about all events or selected events of interest. An event is an action or a change in the state of a STB 30 that is deemed important to building a knowledge base on subscribers or their viewing patterns. For example, an event can include key presses to change channels or volume, mute, to enter the navigator for the interactive system, to turn the STB 30 off or on, to fast forward, to pause or to rewind a video obtained via the video on demand application. The events include applications called by the subscriber, such as interactive gaming applications, an electronic program guide, a video on demand or near video on demand application, a home-shopping application or a particular company's interactive application, such as The Weather Channel's weather on demand, World Span's travel on demand or Light Span's educational interactive application. Events include subscriber use of and control commands to peripheral devices coupled to the STB 30 or a subscriber's display device, such as a VCR or videodisk player.

Each application residing on the STB 30 interfaces with the clickstream processor 34 to send selected data for maintaining a desired journal. Assuming that the system 20 is used with an interactive system, many different applications may be deployed over that system and may be triggered by the subscriber. Some fairly typical applications that might be invoked include:

-   -   a cable television application that handles subscriber remote         controls (like channel or volume changes);     -   an electronic programming guide application such as TV Data,         Prevue or Star Sight interactive services;     -   an interactive game;     -   a video on demand or near video on demand application;     -   company specific applications, that might be offered by content         provider such as the Weather Channel, MTV, Showtime, etc.; or     -   a navigator application to help the user choose options.         Each of these applications, as well as some internal         applications that the system 20 may wish to monitor, will be         assigned a unique application identifier.

Clickstream processor 34 interfaces with the various applications resident in the STB 30's operating system 32 and any third party applications 33. Note that for systems using other types of STB 30's than the embodiment described in the Figures, those STB 30's need not have an operating system. Instead, all instructions can be written directly to the memories of those particular STBs. Applications 33 can be added by either downloading entirely new software directly to memory or by downloading new tables as described below.

When an application 33 reaches a point where an “event” of interest has been generated, the application 33 stores an event record to memory. The application 33 then launches to the clickstream kernel 36 the event record, including information such as: (1) the application's 33 identification code (e.g., the “Cable Television Application” or a particular interactive application); (2) a count of the amount of information (number of bytes) to be journaled; (3) a “time stamp” that defines a unique point in time, e.g., by defining the date and time of day, accurate to the hour, minute or second; (4) an identification code for the event, or (5) where the event data was stored. Clickstream kernel 36 uses the information provided by the applications 33 to collect the event data, format it and place it into a buffer 42 or 44. Table I shows the type of information that will be generally sent by the clickstream processor 34 to the buffers 42 or 44. TABLE I Application Event Record Size Timestamp  6 bytes Assigned Application ID 16 bits Number Bytes to Follow (length)  8 bits Application Specific Data with Multiple customized formats and lengths Bytes

Global table II defines events of interest that each application can identify, collect, store in the “Application Specific Data” field and notify the clickstream kernel 36. These events could be as simple as a broadcast channel change by pressing the “Chan Up” remote key. All of these event types can be accessed and used by each application. While each application may not use every possible event type, the number of events available for collection allows system 20 to extract any pertinent usage information for analysis. Also, the use of the global table II increases system 20 efficiency because event types can be modified, added or removed. TABLE II EVENT DEFINITIONS Code Event Content Related Events 0x0000 Passive Content Change Direct Key Presses 0x0001 TV <> ITV Pressed 0x0002 Power Pressed 0x0003 One (1) Pressed 0x0004 Two (2) Pressed 0x0005 Three (3) Pressed 0x0006 Four (4) Pressed 0x0007 Five (5) Pressed 0x0008 Six (6) Pressed 0x0009 Seven (7) Pressed 0x000A Eight (8) Pressed 0x000B Nine (9) Pressed 0x000C Zero (0) Pressed 0x000D Channel Up Pressed 0x000E Channel Down Pressed 0x000F Volume Up Pressed 0x0010 Volume Down Pressed 0x0011 Last Channel Pressed Application/State Switching Related 0x0028 AC Power ON 0x0029 Application Switch (Normal) 0x002A Application Switch (Abnormal) 0x002B Application Terminated (Normal) 0x002C Application Terminated (Abnormal) 0x002D Soft Power OFF 0x002E Soft Power ON 0x002F OFF State Polling Event General 0x0030 Direct Channel Change 0x0031 Mute 0x0032 Un-Mute 0x0033 Volume Change Below 50% 0x0034 Volume Change Below 25% 0x0035 Volume Change Below 10% 0x0036 Volume Change Above 50% 0x0037 Volume Change Above 25% 0x0038 Volume Change Above 10% 0x0039 Change to Interactive Mode 0x003A Change to Broadcast Mode

Note that Table II defines relative volume changes (e.g. “volume change below 50%,” “volume change below 25%,” etc.). Although the applications could capture the actual key presses that lead to these relative volume changes, that level of detailed information is of little use to system 20 operators. Also, capturing all that detail leads to more records and higher demands upon the transmission network 52 when those records are uploaded. Applications could also be configured to “filter” other unwanted details about other subscriber activities. For example, when subscribers “channel surf” by quickly flipping through a number of channels in a short period of time, the application could be configured not to record channel changes unless the subscriber paused for greater than a certain selected time period (e.g., 15 to 30 seconds). Again, this eliminates information of little use and decreases network traffic.

Table III defines a small portion of a sample global channel identification table that proposes codes for identifying national and local broadcasters. Such a table allows any application journaling events which occur while subscribers are viewing broadcast or cable television programs to identify the network carrying the programming content by using a subset of the global table II. In this way channel lineups can be changed yet the identifier for a broadcast or cable network would stay the same. The use of this mapping scheme eliminates the need to map an ever-changing channel number to a network. TABLE III Broadcast Channel Identification 0x0100 to 0x011F News/Talk Shows 0x0100 CNN 0x0101 Headline News 0x0102 The Weather Channel 0x0103 CNBC 0x0104 CSPAN 0x0105 CSPAN-2 0x0106 America's Talking 0x0107 Talk Channel 0x0108 Court TV 0x0109 The Crime Channel 0x010A National Empowerment TV 0x0120 to 0x013F Sports 0x0120 ESPN 0x0121 ESPN-2 0x0122 SportSouth 0x0123 The Golf Channel 0x0124 Classic Sports Network 0x0125 Prime Network 0x0126 NewSport 0x0140 to 0x015F Music 0x0140 MTV 0x0141 VH-1 0x0142 Country Music Television 0x0143 The Nashville Network 0x0144 The Box 0x0145 Video Jukebox 0x0146 MOR Music TV 0x0147 Music Choice

Table IV below shows some possible identification codes for particular applications. Note that each application could be programmed to insert its application ID code into the event record without accessing table IV. But by having each application access the table IV during the journaling process, the system's 20 ability to modify or add application ID codes easily is enhanced because such codes could be populated across system 20 by downloading an updated table IV. Providing for downloading of new tables increases the application footprint and system 20 complexity so tables can also be part of the application programming. TABLE IV Application Identifiers ID Code Content 0x0000 Operating System 0x0001-F Operating System Sub-Systems 0x0010 Application Manager 0x0011 Cable Television Application 0x0012 Clickstream Kernel 0x0100 EPG System 0x0101 Digital Pictures - Interactive Game 0x0110-F Viacom - MTV/Showtime, etc. 0x1000 Interplay Written Applications General ID 0x1001 Interplay Runtime Engine 0x1002 Interplay Navigator 0x1003 Interplay VOD 0x1004 Interplay NVOD 0x1005 Interplay TownGuide 0x1100 The Weather Channel, Weather On-Demand 0x1101 Worldspan - Travel On-Demand 0x1102 Lightspan - Educational Interactive Application 0xFFFF Missed Events Record

Each particular application can simply reference the global application, event and channel identification tables (which periodically may be updated and then downloaded to STBs 30) in order to build an event record. Examples of application specific event records that may be created in this manner are shown in Tables V through VIII below and discussed in associated text.

A cable TV application 33 may tune analog or digital broadcast services. When a command to change channels is entered, the cable TV application 33 is invoked. The cable TV application 33 begins building an event record by inserting an application ID and time stamp into the record. Next, the application 33 determines the “event ID” by cross-referencing the command with the global event ID table II for the proper code. Then, the application 33 journals the “Channel ID.”

Although the Channel ID could simply be the number of the channel, that information means little. The fact that channel 6 was watched more than channel 7 has little or no meaning unless networks and, ultimately, the content delivered by those networks are associated with particular channels. Accordingly, the Channel ID may be a field, like a 16 bit field, which uniquely identifies the broadcast network displayed on that particular channel. The Channel ID may be determined by programming the cable TV application 33 to compare the channel number tuned with global broadcast channel identification table III, above, to determine the correct channel identification code. Correlating the channel number with the channel identification code found in Table III ensures accurate reporting even though channels may differ at different cable TV headends within a particular region or even though individual channel line-up changes may be made over a period of time. This correlation between channel number and channel identification code could be done also at the staging server 70 after it receives all of the event records, provided that correlation there accounted for different regional channel lineups. TABLE V Cable TV Application Event Record Size Application ID: See Application ID table IV 16 bits Timestamp: Identifies event time  6 bytes Event ID: See Global Event ID table II for Syntax 16 bits Channel ID: See Broadcast Channel ID table III for Syntax 16 bits

Table VI below shows a navigator application that may be provided in order to give subscribers an interactive menu that assists them in selecting from the many available programs and applications in an interactive network. The “Event ID” refers to the identification codes for commands relating to the Navigator application, which codes may be located by referring to the global event ID table II above. Table VI also shows some of the features of the navigator that might be used by the subscriber and that could be useful to track. The right hand column under “Size/Data” shows, first, next to the “Application state ID” that 8 bits are allocated to that record and, second, in the various rows beneath, the particular code that is journaled in order to indicate a subscriber accessed the identified (e.g. Fly-Thru, Main Menu, etc.) screen. Such information lets system 20 operators determine the screens that users are viewing heavily or lightly in order to replace less popular screens with more useful ones or to charge more for advertisements placed on heavy use screens. TABLE VI Navigator Application Event Record Size/Data Application ID: See Application ID table IV 16 bits Timestamp: Identifies event time  6 bytes Event ID: See Global Event ID table for Syntax 16 bits Application State ID: See below for information tracked:  8 bits Fly-Thru 0x00 Main Menu 0x01 Information (Help) Screen or Video 0x02 Movies Sub-Menu 0x03 Movie Categories Sub-Menu 0x04 List of Movies Sub-Menu 0x05 Movie Info Screen 0x06 Movie Buy State 0x07

Table VII similarly shows the journaling information collected for a video on demand application 33 that may be launched in an interactive service from the Navigator application above or its equivalent. Some of the information collected here may include the amount of pausing, fast forwarding and rewinding. Additionally, the service provider may want to determine whether viewers are recording a video in order to charge them a recording fee. Similar information could be collected for a near video on demand service, which typically allows only incremental pause, forward or rewind. TABLE VII Video on Demand Application Event Record Size/Data Application ID: See Application ID table IV 16 bits Timestamp: Identifies event time  6 bytes Event ID: See Global Event ID table for Syntax 16 bits Application State ID: See below for information tracked:  8 bits Playing 0x00 Paused 0x01 Fast Forward 0x02 Rewind 0x03 Info (Help) Video or Screen Played 0x04 Reserved 0x05 Reserved 0x06 Reserved 0x07

Table VIII below shows the event record for the Electronic Program Guide (EPG) application 33. The EPG application 33 records the application ID, timestamp and event ID records just as do the above applications described in tables V-VII. Additionally, it has an application 33 state ID field that identifies which of the display screens were accessed by subscribers, as shown below. TABLE VIII Electronic Program Guide (EPG) Application Event Record Size/Data Application ID: See Application ID table IV 16 bits Timestamp: Identifies event time  6 bytes Event ID: See Global Event ID table for Syntax 16 bits Application State ID: See below for information tracked:  8 bits Initial Display Screen 0x00 Look Ahead Display 4 Hour 0x01 Look Ahead Display 8 Hour 0x02 Look Ahead Display 12 Hour 0x03 Look Ahead Display 16 Hour 0x04 Look Ahead Display 20 Hour 0x05 Look Ahead Display 24 Hour 0x06 Reserved 0x07

Generally, similar information about other applications 33, such as home shopping, interactive gaming or any other new applications deployed over an interactive or other media delivery system, can be tracked in a similar fashion. Additionally, the journaling process may be used to track errors within the system 20, with clickstream kernel 36 journaling such errors using the same method as described above.

Over time, the journaling needs of system 20, or system 20 itself may evolve. Applications may be changed or new ones deployed. New events may become of interest to the operator of system 20. In order to provide flexibility for system 20, operators may download to STBs 30 new or replacement applications that will include the necessary processes for journaling all events of interest.

Sample Journal

Assume that Mr. Smith turns on his interactive television at 7:30 p.m. to watch a half hour news program on channel 5, which corresponds to CNN for that region. At 8:00 p.m. he accesses the Navigator application to order a video through the video on demand application. He then accesses the Video on Demand application, which automatically begins playing a video at 8:04, pauses the video at 8:50 and begins playing again at 8:55 until it is completed at 9:45, at which point he turns off his interactive TV.

Mr. Smith's activities generate the following event records shown in table IX below (for convenience, multiple events occurring under a single application are grouped even though separate records are created in operation): TABLE IX Sample Event Records Data Cable Application Event Record 1 Content Application ID: See table IV for application ID Code 0x0011 Timestamp: Identifies event time Jan. 1, 1996 7:30:01 p.m. Event ID: See Global Event ID table II to retrieve code for 0x002 “power pressed” Cable Application Event Record 2 and 3 Content Application ID: See table IV for application ID Code 0x0011 Timestamp: Identifies event time (Date will be same for Jan. 1, 1996 7:30:03 p.m.; second entry) 8:00:01 p.m. Event ID: See (1) global Broadcast Channel ID table III to 0x0100 determine that Channel 5 is CNN and locate code and (2) table 0x0001 II for an event ID code corresponding to an “iTV Press” by Mr. Smith. Navigator Application Event Record 4 Content Application ID: See table IV for application ID Code 0x1002 Timestamp: Identifies event time for accessing each screen. Jan. 1, 1996 8:01:30 p.m. Event IDs: See table II for event ID code that identifies an 0x0021 “enter” command by Mr. Smith to invoke this application. Application State ID Code: This shows Mr. Smith accessed the 0x01 Main Menu Navigator Application Event Records 5-6 Content Application ID: See table IV for application ID Code 0x1002 Timestamp: Identifies event time for accessing each screen. A Jan. 1, 1996 separate record is created for each activity, with a timestamp 8:02:00 p.m.; showing initiation of each activity. Each record will have the 8:03:00 p.m.; corresponding event and state. Event IDs: See table II for event ID code that identifies an 0x0021 “enter” command by Mr. Smith to invoke this application. 0x0021 Application State ID Codes: This shows Mr. Smith accessed 0x03 the Movies Sub-Menu and Movie Sub-menu list. 0x05 Video on Demand Application Event Records 7-9 Content Application ID: See Application ID table IV (same for each 0x1003 record). Timestamp: Identifies event time for each event recorded by Jan. 1, 1996 the application. (The day is the same for each record and each 8:04:00 p.m. time corresponds with the activity identified below). 8:50:00 p.m. 8:55:00 p.m. Event ID: See table II for event ID codes that identify Mr. Smith's 0x0022 play, pause and play commands. 0x0024 0x0022 Application State ID Codes: These show Mr. Smith activated 0x00 this application, played, paused and then played again his 0x01 selected video. 0x00 Cable Application Event Record 10 Content Application ID: See table IV for application ID Code 0x0011 Timestamp: Identifies event time Jan. 1, 1996 9:45:00 p.m. Event ID: See Global Event ID table II to retrieve code for 0x002 “power pressed”

Event Record Upload Cycle

The variably sized event records are collected and then stored in one of two clickstream buffers 42 or 44. Capacity of each of the buffers may be statically provisioned or the system 20 may addressably download to particular STBs 30 an appropriate buffer 42 or 44 size. A buffer 42 or 44 may be an allocated, contiguous free area of STBs' 30 memory set aside for buffering event records only. Although advanced database techniques like link lists or record pointers could be used, they would increase the application footprint and complexity. Because buffer sizes of about 15 kB would probably accommodate the journaling needs of most applications, advanced database techniques need only be used for larger buffers. Buffers up to 15 kB should allow at least 4 to 8 hours of peak channel “surfing” between uploads (channel surfing typically will generate the most event records). In any event, empirical analysis of network use should determine the optimum buffer size.

Event records are directed to one of the two buffers 42 or 44, although a single or even more buffers could be used with the system 20. Conceivably, the system 20 could also be modified to upload event records in real time; however, that severely increases the possibility of instantaneous overloads in network traffic. Thus, system 20 preferably uses buffers 42 or 44 to buffer collected event records until they are upload.

Event records from a particular STB 30 may be uploaded in a format that assists in their transmission back through the distribution network 52 to the staging server 70. A header record may indicate the time the buffer 42 or 44 was first opened, the number of bytes in the buffer 42 or 44, the originating STB 30 by address, the version of the clickstream kernel 36 which generated the record and the type of data compression used on the following data (if any). This first header record may be of fixed length and uncompressed. Information following “Compression Type” may be compressed to save in transmission bandwidth. Table X below shows this general header format: TABLE X Buffer Header Record Size Transaction Code  8 bits Clickstream Version Number  8 bits Timestamp  6 bytes Number of Bytes  8 bits STB Unique Address Most Significant 16 bits STB Unique Address Least Significant 32 bits Compression Type  8 bits

When (1) a buffer 42 or 44 fills, (2) an upload timer event expires or (3) upon command from the staging server 70, the clickstream processor 34 initiates an upload process. During that process the uploading buffer 42 is locked and subsequent event records are routed to and stored in the second buffer 44. When upload of buffer 42 is completed, records continue to buffer 44 until the next upload time, after which buffer 44 locks and records go to buffer 42. This cycle continues to repeat.

FIG. 3 shows an upload cycle diagram illustrating one method of evenly distributing increased traffic on the network 52 caused by upload of event records. The clickstream upload cycle consists of several parameters that define a start time and a cycle over which the uploading of data occurs. The “first occurrence” parameter defines a starting time in history from which the cycle runs. The “cycle time” parameter defines the amount of time which elapses between periods of the upload cycle. When a cycle is complete the “upload duration” time starts, and the clickstream processor 34 of each STB 30 will randomize an exact upload time within the upload duration. This timing of upgrades will distribute the network load evenly over the entire upload duration period.

An example of the use of these parameters would be to define a period of time every day for STBs 30 within system 20 to upload data. Typically, the system 20 operator may want the data available every morning for analysis. Peak use of broadcast prime time or of interactive services will typically be from 7 p.m. until 12 p.m., during which time no uploads should occur in order to minimize the burden on the network 52. Beginning at 12 p.m., uploads of event records out of a buffer 42 or 44 would begin. In order to have all STBs 30 upload before 8 a.m., the STBs 30 may be divided into upload groups, e.g., 32, with each group uploading over a selected (e.g., 15 minute) period. To achieve this upload cycle, the following parameters are defined in the FIG. 3 cycle in table XI: TABLE XI Upload Cycle Parameters Parameter Definition Cycle_First_Occurance_Start_Time 12:00 am Jan. 1, 1995 + “X” * 15 minutes. “X” staggers each upload group by 15 minutes; X = number of Groups Cycle Time 24 hours Upload Duration 15 minutes A total of four upload cycles will be defined for each group of STBs 30, which allows for weekly uploads or any other combination of cycles to work around peak network 52 load times.

STBs 30 can be instructed as to their role in uploading by sending from staging server 70 appropriate commands that are handled by the clickstream upload controller 38. For instance, the following commands may be addressed and sent by staging server 70 to a single or group of STBs 30. TABLE XII Clickstream Upload Control Commands Octet# Contents T 0 Transaction Code MSB = 0x80 T 1 Transaction Code LSB = 0x10  0 Clickstream Processor Version Number  1 Global Addressable Group Address - Denotes the group of Flag Flag STBs to field this 1 (b1) (b1) transaction (b5)  2 Collection On/Off Key Will turn clickstream collection On/Off to a STB or Group of STBs (non-Global only).  3 Perform Upload Now Key Will perform an upload on command. Will only upload on command if Global Flag is NOT set.  4 Suppress Upload on Buffer Full Will keep the STB or Group from uploading when buffer is full. The STB or Group will only upload on it's appointed upload cycle.  5 Upload_Cycle_Definition A STB will have 1 to 4 possible upload cycles defined. This will define any one of those cycles.  6 Cycle First Occurrence Start Time Year (b8) Defines the time for (Total b48) first upload in cycle.  7 Cycle First Occurrence Start Time - Month (b8)  8 Cycle First Occurrence Start Time - Day (b8)  9 Cycle First Occurrence Start Time - Hour (b8) A Cycle First Occurrence Start Time - Minute (b8) B Cycle First Occurrence Start Time - Second (b8) C Upload Duration (Total b24) Hours(0-24) (b8) Defines a duration of time over which the STB randomizes upload start time. D Upload Duration Minutes(0-59) (b8) E Upload Duration Seconds(0-59) (b8) F Cycle Time (Total b32) Days(0-14) (b8) Defines the periodicity (mean time) between uploads. 10 Cycle Time Hours(0-24) (b8) 11 Cycle Time Minutes(0-59) (b8) 12 Cycle Time Seconds(0-59) (b8) Depending on how the system is configured, the commands instruct STBs 30 to: 1) define the cyclic upload for various groups of or even all STBs 30; 2) require STBs 30 to upload on command/polling control (addressable only); 3) suppress upload when a buffer 42 or 44 fills; or 4) turn on/off event record collection by particular or groups of STBs 30.

Event Record Formatting, Upload and Capture

After the upload process triggers, each STB 30 typically initiates upload by first locking the buffer 42 or 44 to be uploaded and then compressing the contents of that buffer 42 or 44. A number of different compression techniques may be used, however, about 50% compression may be achieved with LZW compression utilities. Such compression substantially reduces the load on network 52 caused by numerous STBs 30 uploading event records. Compressed data is divided into transmission “transactions” or “packets” and packet headers are addressed to indicate packet identification, IP destination address, etc. The actual network connection can be initiated by the operating system for the particular STB 30. Persons skilled in the art will recognize that the type of and manner of invoking and implementing the network connection will vary depending upon the type of media delivery network over which system 20 is deployed.

For instance, the STB 30 can be configured to insert UDP/IP headers and trailers taken from the RFC 791 or RFC 768 specifications published by the ISO. Each data packet may have UDP/IP protocol built around a Level 1 pass-through header, such as shown in Table XIII below: TABLE XIII UDP/IP Protocol for Headers IP Header IP Version Header Type of Total Length Length Service Identification Flags Fragment Offset Time to Live Protocol Header Checksum Source IP Address Destination IP Address UDP Header Source Port Destination Port Length Checksum

In the embodiment shown in the Figures, the clickstream processor 34 will identify a particular Video Service Provider (VSP)—an entity connecting to network 52 to distribute services—like VSP 66 shown in FIG. 4B, as the destination of these data packets. All of the data to be uploaded appears as “payload” to the STB 30, the signaling network 52, the network management controller 50, and the event capture process 71 on the staging server 70. After an appropriate header and trailer inserted at the STB 30, the upload data packet may have the format shown in Table XIV: TABLE XIV Clickstream Upload Data Packet Octet# Contents T 0 Transaction Code MSB = 0x80 T 1 Transaction Code LSB = 0x18 0 Clickstream Processor Version Number 1 Upload Sequence Number 0x02 Clickstream Upload Buffer Data Structure thr. (as shown in Table I and X). The data 0xFA may be broken up into as many reverse path transactions as necessary to complete data upload.

Providing two buffers 42, 44 allows event record collection to continue during upload. Assuming buffer 42 is being uploaded, if the second buffer 44 fills during the upload process, a buffer overrun condition occurs. To account for such an occurrence, the buffer trailer record sent during upload from STBs 30 may denote such an error condition. The structure of the buffer trailer record may take the form as shown in Table XV below and include a time stamp, assigned application identification, length and upload code. TABLE XV Buffer Trailer Record Size Timestamp 6 bytes Assigned Application ID 16 bits Number Bytes to Follow (length) 8 bits Upload Status Code 8 bits

These upload status codes identify the stage of the upload process at the time a buffer 42 or 44 overflow occurred. Thus, some possible upload codes could include: upload not used, upload in progress, upload completed but no acknowledgment received, upload completed but only partial acknowledgment received or no upload attempted. This will let the staging server 70 know that STB 30 event records are missing beginning at that time. Also, receiving a buffer overrun record informs the staging server 70 that buffer 42 or 44 sizes have not been set appropriately. Buffer 42 or 44 sizes can then be reset and released to the system 20 as an update or released to a particular STB 30 by sending it an appropriate command.

Note that the packetization description above is for one embodiment of the system 20. However, generally, to upload collected event records, STBs 30 can initiate whatever “upstream” data transmission process used by the interactive, cable television or other media delivery system with which the system 20 is used. That process will upload the event records in the appropriate system format.

In any event, for system 20, clickstream data packets are uploaded to the staging server 70 over a slotted-ALOHA (a contention-based standard transport protocol) data transmitter of the STB 30. Data acknowledgments from the staging server 70 are sent; each is addressed to particular STBs 30. The frequency and period of data acknowledgments may be determined by considering network error rates, network packet error rates and causes of those types of transmission errors.

FIGS. 4A and 4B show in greater detail the clickstream data flow through the system 20. Briefly, FIG. 4A shows that clickstream packets of event records are transmitted from each STB 30 to the network management controller 50, which acts as a video service provider router. From the network management controller 50, which manages traffic over network 52, packets are forwarded via the network 52, video server 60 and video server control 56 to the staging server 70, which couples to MKIS 100 and analysis engine 110. Thus, event records collected and buffered at STBs 30 are transmitted to the staging server 70 for collection and analysis.

FIG. 4B shows this process in more detail and also describes an event records capture process 71 at staging server 70.

As noted, once a buffer 42 or 44 fills or the clickstream processor 34 decides to upload data for other reasons (time expiration, low system utilization, commanded upload, etc.), the buffer 42 or 44 will be formatted, compressed and then uploaded through the system 20 to the staging server 70. The upstream data packets may travel from the network management controller 50 across the distribution network 52 to video server 60 through a process called IP (“Internet Protocol”) tunneling, which is essentially automatic IP routing based upon information in the packet payload. The same process can be used to route packets through network 52 directly to staging server 70 without going through video server 60. FIG. 4B shows that, at video server 60, an L1 pass-through process 63 uses a VSP routing table 67 to associate destination IP addresses with corresponding tags inserted in the received data packets. This process re-directs the data packets to the application server 66 L1 pass-through process 63 by associating the tags with the appropriate listed destination—here, the application server 66. The L1 pass-through process 63 on application server 66 performs a similar function with the data packets, routing them based on a payload identifier (transaction code or other) to an event record capture (ECAP) open server process 71 on the staging server 70.

When the ECAP process 71 receives a clickstream data packet, it accepts the data packet and correlates the source address of the data packet with an upload session already in progress with a particular STB 30. If there is currently no upload in progress with that STB 30, then one is considered to be initiated. ECAP process 71 processes the upload of data in accordance with the particular protocol needed for the system 20. After receipt of all clickstream data packets associated with the upload from a particular STB 30, the ECAP process 71 sequences the packets into proper order (particular packets may have arrived out of their original transmission sequence because of transmission delays in network 52), decompresses the packets, eliminates transport overhead (e.g., trailers, headers, etc.) and stores them, such as in a flat file, for later analysis. At the end of a selected period, like 24 hours, the file is closed and a new one is opened, which allows a subsequent merge and parse process to batch process discrete files that cover discrete time periods. Immediately after initiation of and during the ECAP process 71, an operation log is opened to record information about the initiation and termination of each upload session and any errors.

As shown in FIG. 5, staging server 70 will formulate and send a data acknowledgment to each STB 30 engaged in the upload process. One method of doing so is to send acknowledgments as addressable downstream level one pass-through transactions over network 52 to the STB 30. Such data acknowledgments provide redundant error correction because failure to receive them may alert STB 30 to a possible transmission error.

Merging and Parsing

FIGS. 6A and 6B show an overview of the merging and parsing process and FIG. 7 shows sample results following that process. Briefly, the aim of the merge and parse process is to merge each STB 30's event records with various “metadata.” “Metadata” refers to programming of virtually any type shown on system 20 including the time and broadcast or cable network providing such programming or (2) interactive applications invoked by subscribers. For instance, metadata includes the following sources of data: EPG broadcast programming schedule data 82, broadcast advertising schedule data 84, local advertising schedule data or session-services advertising schedule data 86 and session-services programming schedule data 88. As used herein, “session-services advertising” refers to advertising inserted by video server 60 (or alternate insertion means) during particular interactive sessions with the subscriber (via the STB) that are the session-services programming.

Collectively, all of this data enters into a merge and parse engine 90 that creates an event timeline 92 for each STB 30. Merge and parse engine 90 may be deployed upon staging server 70 or the MKIS system 100. So deploying merge and parse engine 90 on staging server 70 allows collected event records to be merged and parsed. The resulting event timelines 92 can be sent to MKIS system 100 for further analysis.

Timeline 92 provides a snapshot of activity on a particular STB 30 for a selected period (e.g., 24 hours) or for a selected event—for instance, a timeline 92 would be created for each STB 30 tuning to a particular show or shows (e.g., a pay per view fight) that may occur over a selected period. Timeline 92 is created by merging event records with metadata about programming available over the network for the selected time period.

To merge that data, proper priority must be assigned to data that otherwise may be conflicting. For instance, broadcast advertising data 84 may indicate that a certain national ad was run at Time A. On the other hand, if the system 20 is an interactive system and the interactive server provided a targeted advertisement (“ad”) also at Time A, as indicated by session-services advertising data 86, that targeted ad was inserted over the national ad at Time A. Thus, by assigning session-services advertising data 86 a priority higher than national broadcast advertising data 84, the merge and parse engine 90 is able to create an accurate timeline 92 of programming delivered to a particular STB 30. Similarly, even a traditional cable or wireless cable network requires priority assignments. Typically, local cable operators typically are allowed to insert local ads over certain national ads (assuming they can sell that local ad time).

FIG. 6B depicts such priority assignments. FIG. 6B shows several sources of data, such as EPG metadata, National and Local Insert ad metadata and Interactive Sessions metadata. EPG metadata is usually very broad—for instance, showing a football game on channel 1 from 1:00 to 4:00 p.m. Thus, EPG metadata is assigned a priority lower than that of national ad metadata because a particular national ad will be overlayed into a particular time slot broadly defined by the EPG. In turn, local insert ad metadata trumps national ad metadata because the national ad metadata may not account for situations where a local network or affiliate inserts a local ad over the national ad scheduled for a particular timeslot. Finally, interactive sessions metadata, which reflects subscriber selections, has the highest priority as it shows the subscriber stopped watching a particular channel and instead invoked an interactive session.

Applying these priority rules produces a timeline 94 for each subscriber. Additional filtering criteria 94 are applied by the merge and parse engine 90 in order to generate a further refined timeline 94, as depicted in FIG. 6A. For example, event records may include such highly granular and specific information as the number of volume ups or channel ups that a particular subscriber entered. One set of filtering criteria 94 may ensure that the timeline 92 includes only channels that were viewed for more than a threshold (e.g., 15 seconds) time period. This eliminates any very fast channel changes made by the subscribers, thereby simplifying the event timeline 92 because event records that do not meet the criteria 94 are filtered out of the event timeline 92.

Merge and parse engine 90 also may apply other criteria to the filtered timeline 94 (or the original timeline 92), as shown in FIG. 6. Specifically, advertisers may wish to apply “view” and “watch” criteria 96. This criteria 96 will identify those programs and advertisements that are “viewed” by subscribers for less than a certain threshold amount of time. Programming seen by subscribers for more than that threshold, would be identified as “watched” programming. For example, for a 30 second ad, the threshold might be 15 seconds. If a subscriber was tuned to a channel displaying that ad for less than 15 seconds he would be deemed to have simply “viewed” that ad; on the other hand, if the subscriber was tuned to the channel carrying that ad for 25 seconds of the ad's length, he would be deemed to have “watched” it. This criteria 96 allows system 20 operators to charge more for “watched” ads versus those that are merely “viewed.” Similar criteria can be applied against programming in order to more accurately gauge ratings. Thus, for a 30 minute program, if a user was tuned to that program for less than 10 minutes, the view and watch criteria 96 may decide that the program was only “viewed.” In any event, applying the view and watch criteria 96, merge and parse engine 90 creates “view” and “watch” lists 98 that are useful for the system 20 operator and advertisers who contract with system 20 operator.

Note also that other criteria than simply how much time a tuned to a particular channel may be included in the view and watch criteria 96. For instance another criteria may be volume level. If a viewer was tuned to a channel for the full thirty second length of an ad but hit the mute button or changed the volume below a certain threshold for that ad, view and watch criteria 96 may classify that ad as a “viewed” ad.

Generally, merging and parsing should be done on discrete segments of data, such as 24 hour segments, as soon as possible in order to minimize the occurrence of un-resolved events. In other words, discrete events are simply pieces of the entire picture. To analyze only several hours of clickstream event data would not allow determination of such things as programming “watched” versus “viewed.”

FIG. 7 shows a sample merge of event records or clickstream data 80, EPG data 82 from Prevue or a similar service and broadcast advertising data 84 that creates a clickstream timeline 92, which shows both the channels selected by a subscriber and the content displayed on those channels while the subscriber watched them.

A timeline 94 for each STB 30 is built and uploaded by staging server 70 to the MKIS database 100 or a third party analysis engine and database 110, either of which may store demographics and be used to run queries against the event timelines 94 and those demographics. Combining the timelines 94 with demographics information allows for even more detailed and granular information about subscribers and their viewing habits. For instance, consider the following examples:

EXAMPLE 1

Widget Co. has ten different advertisements that it has been running on system 20. Widget Co. wishes to know whether subscribers are “viewing” or “watching” particular ads. Because of the detailed information captured by the system 20 of exemplary embodiments of this invention, a query can be formulated to determine (a) which subscribers “watched” particular 30 second advertisements for greater than 15 seconds versus (b) which subscribers simply “viewed” the ad, for less than 15 seconds.

EXAMPLE 2

When event timelines 94 (or view and watch lists 98) are loaded into MKIS 100 or analysis engine 110, the same query can be run for a particular demographic group. For instance, Widget Co. wishes to know which particular ads its primary customer base, baby boomers between ages 40 and 50 and with income over $50,000 per year, “watched” versus “viewed” their advertisements.

Obviously, the system 20 can also be modified to target ads to particular demographic households based on feedback from parsed and merged data. Then, event records occurring after those targeted ads are broadcast over system 20 can be checked to determine whether the particular demographic market targeted watched or viewed the advertisement.

While several exemplary implementations of embodiments of this invention are described herein, various modifications and alternate embodiments will occur to those of ordinary skill in the art. For example, the architecture and programming of the system may be modified. Or, a variety of different manufacturers' servers, set top boxes (including other media delivery devices), and/or databases may be configured in order to implement exemplary embodiment of this invention. Further, the exemplary identification codes and allocated sizes show in the tables and described herein may also be greatly modified. Accordingly, this invention is intended to include those other variations, modifications, and alternate embodiments that adhere to the spirit and scope of this invention. 

1. A method for collecting information about viewing habits of subscribers to a media delivery network for delivering programming to numerous set top boxes, each capable of supporting different applications invoked and controlled by subscriber commands, the method comprising the steps of: a) programming each application to identify selected subscriber commands of interest; b) determining an application identifier corresponding to a particular application to which a selected command is addressed; and c) creating an event record comprising: 1) the application identifier; 2) an identification code corresponding to the selected command; and 3) a time stamp.
 2. A method according to claim 1 further comprising the step of accessing a table in order to determine the identification code for the selected command.
 3. A method according to claim 2 further comprising the step of accessing a table in order to determine the application identifier.
 4. A method according to claim 2 further comprising the steps of repeating a through c to collect a plurality of event records and buffering the plurality of event records.
 5. A method according to claim 4 further comprising the step of forwarding the plurality of event records to a merge processor.
 6. A method according to claim 5 further comprising the step of coupling to the merge processor a data source, the data source comprising broadcast identification information, interactive application use information, national advertising information and local advertising information.
 7. The method according to claim 1 in which the selected commands of interest comprise at least one of a channel change command, a volume change command, a VCR command, an application invocation command and an application control commands.
 8. A storage medium on which is encoded instructions for performing the following: a) programming an application to identify a selected subscriber command of interest, the application selected from a plurality of applications operating on a multimedia device; b) determining an application identifier corresponding to the application to which the selected command of interest is addressed; and c) creating an event record comprising: 1) the application identifier; 2) an identification code corresponding to the selected command of interest; and 3) a time stamp, wherein the multimedia device communicates with a media delivery network, the media delivery network communicating at least one of programming content and the application to a plurality of multimedia devices. 